Managing Internationally Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Overseeing Internationally - Essay Example Boyish girl can be dissected as an organization that works globally because of its arrangement of creation, subcontracting and dispersion where the elements included are circumstance in various areas run of the mill of worldwide organizations. Creation of a straightforward mechanical pencil might be basic, however on account of Tombow, the procedure is by all accounts muddled. Tombow was established by Harunosuke Ogawa in 1913 and working its fundamental central command in Tokyo (Mishina 1993). It has sought after adjustments and developments to make its product offering up serious and the organization gainful. Correspondence is one of the fundamental components in the viable administration of an association. There is by all accounts a correspondence issue with Tombow. For example, Yohei Ogawa (leader of Tombow) stated, when the stockouts of its items have been expanding, that the company’s subcontracting framework had not effectively played out its capacities. He is at a misf ortune on what's going on in the subcontracting level. He is attentive on what the issue could be, or how might he know the issue. Late conveyances had likewise been a lasting issue of the business division. Keitaro Ogura (head of deals advancement office), communicated disappointment with the manner in which the creation individuals had been accomplishing their work (Mishina 1993). Selling the items is simple he stated, however the late conveyances are causing disquiet in the business division. As for the situation refered to above, Mr. Ogura is unconscious of what's going on at the creation level. Indeed, he appears be disturbed with the manner in which the creation individuals had been carrying out their responsibility. He said that, â€Å". . . we can’t tell if they’re just not making a decent attempt enough,† alluding to the creation division (Mishina 1993, p. 4). During gatherings, the issue with late conveyances are not examined and sifted out. Unquestion ably, when issues are introduced to the more elevated level of the board and not settled or endeavored to be settled, this would influence the resolve of the center level chiefs. Correspondence is the way toward sharing and trading data inside a typical interpretative structure with the goal that the data can be valuable and important (Booth 2008). Without the built up correspondence channels and conventions, there will be a breakdown in correspondence (Patterson 2009). Suitable correspondence channels must be framed inside the association and between the association and the providers, sellers, retailers, vendors and deals operators. Ordinary gatherings can help in sifting out business and the board issues. Be that as it may, issuance of memoranda and letters are adequate to share data. At present, the propelled data innovation can help a great deal in overcoming any barrier in data among the various parts of the association. The data framework has been contributing a lot to the adj ustments in the association (Mills 2005). It is clear for the situation study that the utilization of PCs and data innovation has not been used by Towbow in any of its procedures. A PC framework must be set up to encourage correspondence among the segments. IT can likewise help in one of the principle issues of Tombow †stock control and following. As communicated by the leader of the business division, there had been delays in the conveyances and he didn't know about what was occurring. The issue of vulnerability can be illuminated by a worldwide stock framework for all partners of Tombow, every segment with explicit access to the database. For example, the sets of retailers, sellers of deals specialists will be posted by the business division in the database. The business office will illuminate the principle headquarter of the requests through letter or email. The business office will post in the worldwide stock

Edict of Milan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decree of Milan - Essay Example In this way, direct or suggested, the section of the decree cleared approach to Art and Architecture with Christian topics. The Latin word Basilica initially alluded to an open structure in the focal point of town. The Roman Basilica, which appeared as though an enormous roofed lobby, was utilized as a spot for executing business and other legitimate issues. The lobby is partitioned by sections which made isles and arcade spaces. In these work areas are the authorities and recorders who take care of the exchanges. On one or the two parts of the bargains is a propped up stage called an apse. This is for the seats for the officers. A few times, there are even seats for others to watch the procedure of the legitimate exercises. These basilicas seemed as though secured commercial centers (New World Encyclopedia). This was actually the reason for the Basilica Porcia in Rome. After the order, Christians, who presently had a freshly discovered opportunity, chose to manufacture structures and structures for their love. Sanctuaries, despite the fact that fills a comparative need, doesn't suite the practices that are to be made. Sanctuaries for the agnostic divine beings serves generally as store boxes for fortunes and figures of the divine beings. There is additionally the way that love rehearses are done outside of the sanctuary under the open sky. Constantine I utilized the structural idea of early Roman basilicas as a layout for the excellent spot of love. The new basilicas were formed as long square shapes two stories high, with positions of curve headed windows one over the other. They likewise had a middle nave with one isle at each side and an apse toward one side. This apse is currently known as the special raised area. The word Basilica had changed after the order. It at that point implied as a position of Christian love or an enormous church which was given a stately gift of the Pope (New World Encyclopedia). A case of this would be the Basilica of Vitale in Italy. From that point on, basilicas are no longer connected with business or governmental issues however of otherworldly shelter. In spite of the fact that the focal point of the city despite everything houses the business and political region, the congregation is constantly found close. In fifteenth century Europe, the squares of urban areas are viewed as the inside and on inverse sides of the court are the congregation and the town lobby. This keeps up the idea of keeping the basilica at the focal point of the city. The proclamation of 313 has had an extraordinary effect in the design and utilization of basilicas. Be that as it may, at present day, both basilica designs are perceived; compositional basilicas are alluded to the early Roman variant where as the pos-declaration basilicas are of the religious kind. References: The Edict of Milan: Constantine Augustus and Licinius Augustus. College of Pennsylvania. Gotten to: March 31, 2009. . Basilica, New World Encyclop

What was Mercantilism

What was Mercantilism Revisiting an old high school history lesson on an archaic economic policy is boring. I get that I do.“Why do we need to care about mercantilism, which isn’t even a ‘thing’ anymore?”.While I fully sympathize with the sentiment, here’s the sad answer: because mercantilism hasn’t died.Yes, economists have scoffed at the idea of mercantilism and called it an economic artifact but the truth is, the ideology is far from being extinct. Its ghost lives on.In a recent article by the Washington Post, Trump has been accused of being “stuck in the 1680’s”, as he is still effecting the so-called ancient relic into practice, with his trade policies resembling those of mercantilism.Rebranded and repackaged, neomercantilism is a dangerously active idea of the 20th century which contains the same ingredients of its patron ‘classic mercantilism.As written by columnist Dani Rodrik, “Mercantilism remains alive and well”. And that is why knowing about this theory is so fundame ntally important.You can’t exorcise a ghost you know nothing about.So, open your notebooks and let’s get started.CHAPTER 1: WHAT WAS MERCANTILISM?Mercantilism was a national economic policy that refers to the act of maximizing net exports and limiting imports through means of tariffs.The driving force behind this approach was the idea that the world holds within it a finite amount of wealth and that to be a financially prosperous country, the best way is to accumulate the largest share of worldly wealth.It was a “zero-sum” view of the world, which meant that in any transaction, one party would gain and the other would lose.And that countries had to make financial progress at the expense of other nations. Source: gktoday.inMercantilism advocated for the theory that two components could carry a country to prosperity: few imports and more exports, otherwise known as   “favorable trade balances”.This was set in the belief that doing so would create a net inflow of foreign income and increase the value of the country’s wealth.Mercantilism policies were designed to achieve a current account surplus by controlling the transfer of materials at the borders. At the heart of mercantilism, lay the concept of “bullionism”, the idea that a country’s prosperity could only be measured in the amount of gold that it had. Precious metals were considered as vital organs of a country’s wealth.Bullionism thus created a powerful sentiment: if a country did not have access to mines then these metals should be obtained via trade.To augment the international power that a state held, mercantile policies were enacted to stabilize the influence of a state, at the cost of the rival powers.The logic of this idea can be simply explained by a domino effect: Countries need strong militaries for protection and expansion; these forces need to be sustained via wealth; gold=wealth; to get gold, you need a surplus in trade; you need to export goods and get gold from other countries.Although the official term that referred to this policy was coined much later by Adam Smith, the ideology dominated the countries of Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.It prevailed not only in England, Germany, and Italy but also in Russia, Scotland, and Spain.This policy required the support of larger countries as it could only sustain in environments where there was a supply of raw materials, labor and a market for exports.Countries like Britain, created policies to protect traders and the mercantile system provided protections for merchants and producers.In Britain, for instance, the British used their colonies as the suppliers of raw materials.These materials were then processed into goods by the B ritish industries and exported back to the colonial market.The British created restrictive colonial policies that placed limitations on what countries these colonies could trade with, what goods they could produce and also introduced tax duties.They essentially controlled the economies of the colonies and left the colonists with only one option: buy the goods manufactured by the British.It was an exploitative system that fed on the backs of the colonies that these powerful countries possessed. Source: worldhistoryleverett.wordpress.comMercantilism is a concept that opposes the modern theory of free trade entirely.Free trade advocates that economic conditions are improved through lesser tariffs. Mercantilism, on the other hand, promotes higher tariffs and barriers to entry.As every country was trying to hold the higher trader surplus, countries rarely respected trade diplomacy and did not stick to trade agreements, placing their tariffs of choice, at will.It was used as a funding system of military, national and corporate growth.This system thus heightened tensions between states and created an impetus for warfare.CHAPTER 2: THE HISTORY OF MERCANTILISMWe’ve already settled that we don’t like history lessons.That’s understandable.But before you yawn from excessive boredom, allow me to provide you with a counteroffer. Do we like traveling? Europe? Time Machines?If you answered yes to all the three questions then swipe right to this subsection because we’re going to ta ke a short trip through Europe, in the past. Sounds exciting? It is.Because heres an idea that shouldnt come as a surprise: practice differs from theory.Its a completely different playing field to look at things from a theoretical viewpoint and to see them in play, in their active state.That is why, before we delve into the actual policies that are effected when mercantilism is implemented, it is important to take a step back, step into our time machines and see how mercantilism played its role in history.So buckle up kids, let’s take a small visit to the past. We’ve got a couple of beautiful destinations on our itinerary.Destination 1: FranceIf you look to your left, you’ll see the birth of mercantilism in France in the 16th century. France has offered more to History than its Eifel tower.However, the origin of mercantilism has been one of its less favorable gifts to the world.Our first visit is to French named Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister of finance.Although mercantil ism started in 1539 as a decree that banned the imports of Spanish goods and restrictions on the export of bullion, it reached its peak under Jean-Baptiste Colbert.His role in the history of mercantilism was so influential that French mercantilism is also known as Colbertism. Colbert supported the economic trade system that would raise the wealth of France through a favorable trade balance. His focus was deployed on implementing domestic policies that would yield positive economic results.So, if you look at Colbert, you’ll observe him doing the following:Implementing perfectionist policies that limit imports and increase exportsEnacting state regulation of production with detailed outlines on how goods should be producedImporting foreign craftsmen and artisans to boost the manufacturing industryReducing internal tariffs and increasing external barriers of trade Source: slideplayer.comThrough these methods, Colbert was able to significantly improve the economic health of France, leading the country to become a powerful European entity.Till free-market economics took the stronghold of the world, Colberts ideas remained highly popular. Destination 2: England A country of beautiful architecture and attractive kingdoms, Britain also possesses many skeletons in its historical closet. One of which is that of mercantilism.British mercantilism rose in the 17th century, with the country employing policies that regulated international trade to heighten exports and discourage the number of imports.Governed by common law and parliamentary power, you’ll notice that England refrained from placing control over the internal domestic economy.Instead, the government made pacts of mutual interest with merchants to increase private wealth and political power.This was done by regulations, subsidies to domestic industries and trade barriers to raise exports and limit imports to the region, thereby raising the influx of precious materials such as gold into the state.The government placed tariffs on imports and gave bounties for exports, to the extent that they even banned the export of certain raw materials completely.An example of this was the enaction of the Navigation Acts.These removed foreign merchants from the trading arena. Instead, through these methods, the British ended up controlling the economies of the colonies forcing them to provide raw materials and trade only with the British Kingdom.Queen Elizabeth promoted the development of naval fleets to shake down the stronghold of Spanish trade, to increase the inflow of gold within the state.There was also focus placed on the expansion of the slave trade with the colonies.The colonies were expected to provide materials such as cotton and rum.In turn, slaves were traded in America and the West Indies for sugar and molasses. Source: s3.amazonaws.com Source: s3.amazonaws.comThe British government, also insisted on trade to be conducted in forms of bullion (silver and gold), so that they may attain a positive trade balance.This left the colonies in negative bullion balances, forcing them to rely on paper currency instead, thereby creating a period of inflation and taxes within these states.CHAPTER 3: MERCANTILIST POLICIESAlexander Gray said, “Mercantilism had three hundred years to run and so it colored the thoughts and actions of every country in Europe”.With three centuries and an entire continent under its belt, it’s nearly impossible to visit every country and see every form of mercantilism in its active state.Although we’ve seen the examples of France and England, let us take a more holistic approach and try to encapsulate mercantilism as a whole, and not in its isolated implementations.The primary principle of mercantilism is to measure the wealth of a country in terms of precious materials, known as Bullion.The econ omic focus is not placed in favor of productivity but rather in the quantity of physical wealth that it has accumulated.In the 16th and 17th century, there was grave importance given to the gold reserves of a country as that was the measure of the prosperity of a country.Furthermore, it was favored that there be a positive balance of trade.This was accomplished by two methods. Firstly, the domestic industry was encouraged and protected. Subsidies were also granted to export industries so they may be able to have a competitive advantage in the global markets.The governments also deployed focus and research into the productivity of domestic industries. Secondly, exports were maximized at the cost of other nations and imports were minimized.The efforts to raise the export-to-import ratio were done by using tariffs. Tariffs were raised and non-tariff barriers were erected on imports. In addition, international natural resources were exploited by the spread of colonies to extract wealth by forcing the colonies to serve raw materials to the parent countries.Overseas colonies were created to be the sole market for the goods the empire country produced.By controlling the economies of the colonies, the empire country benefitted from the wealth and resources of the colonies. Source: msrubinohistory.comAs the idea of mercantilism was placed by the motivation that wealth was finite, efforts were made to minimize the wealth of other nations.At the cost of rival countries, mercantilism created the notion that for one country to have more money, the others must have less.To prevent other nations from increasing their wealth, the powerful European countries struggled amongst themselves to create exclusive trading relationships with weaker states so that no one else could attain their resources.Furthermore, foreign shipping was blocked and trade vessels were regulated so that the rival nations could not have a share in the world.Foreign colonies of other countries were also attacked to capture them so that more territories could be controlled and the market of trade could be expanded.Mercantilism favored countries with a large labor force so that more finished goods could be produced for exports.It was defined that finished products had higher values than other materials, hence, efforts were made to reduce the need for the imports of any product other than raw materials.CHAPTER 3: THE IMPACT OF MERCANTILISMMercantilism was an economic idea that was centered on greed and self-interest.To gain more gold, countries which used this ideology, were motivated by a sense of selfishness, to make themselves more economically stable.When an entire continent is using such draconian policies, there are dire social and economic implications that affect the world.To gain more wealth, these nations used exploitative measures to take advantage of weaker states and fostered tense international relations as they remained suspicious of other countries, who were trying to achieve the same economic results.Hence, spanned over multiple centuries, mercantilism resulted in grave social and economic crimes, that had an impact on the economies and people of the world.Let us take a closer look at some of these atrocities: Source: mrsthompsonhistory.weebly.comCrime 1: Control of Production and Trade As we’ve discussed earlier, mercantilist policies were designed to take advantage of the colonial states.This resulted in social transgressions and was a direct threat to the well-being of the populace of these colonial states.The policy promoted the placement of trade restrictions and productions which resulted in the weakening of the growth and freedom of the businesses that fostered in the colonial world.For instance, the Navigation and Trade Acts of the 16th century forced American colonies to be solely independent of manufactured goods that were produced by the British.The colonies could only export raw materials, and the market of supply was limited to the British Empire.Goods such as sugar, cotton, iron, and tobacco were only allowed to be sold to Britain which limited the trade market for these colonies.Furthermore, they were not allowed to produce finished goods of their own which meant a complet e reliance on the manufacturing industry of England for finished products.These goods have come at inflated prices that robbed these colonies of their financial well-being, making them dependent on exuberantly priced goods that they had to pay hefty amounts of gold and silver for.Furthermore, since these empires wanted to accumulate wealth solely in the form of precious materials, the colonies did not have enough gold reserves to use in their markets.This caused these colonies to start producing paper currency instead, which rose the rates of inflations and taxes, creating discontent amongst the colonial masses.Crime 2: Slave Trade Between the British Empire, its colonies and the foreign markets, the trade relations fostered another dangerous result: the slave trade.In the 17th century, trading ships of manufactured goods were taken from Europe to the west coast of Africa.These trade ships were then filled with “young and healthy” individuals and were taken to the Americas or th e Caribbean where they were sold into slavery.The conditions with which these people were treated were no less than atrocious and inhumane, with people kept in such poor conditions in these ships that most would die in the journey. On the final leg of this triangular route, the ships then carried tobacco, rum and other expensive back to Europe.The colonies were demanded by African imperialists to provide rum, cotton and other raw materials.In turn, slaves were given to America and the West Indies in exchange for sugar and molasses.   Mercantilism promoted the slave trade because it created the sentiment that the slave trade was necessary for the rise in economic conditions.Slaves were treated as property, itemized in itineraries and listed across other transferable goods such as tobacco.Crime 3: Warfare As mercantilism fostered the feeling of being suspicious of ones neighbor, foreign relations weakened and international tensions heightened.Since wealth needed to be taken from other s, mercantilism resulted in the eruption of many wars, as nations struggled to attain the economic monopiles that rival nations had. The Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch wars were fueled solely by the purpose of mercantilism so that countries damage the economies of other nations.The first Anglo-Dutch War followed the institution of the 1651 Navigation Act, a direct response to an exploitative mercantilist policy.The Franco-Dutch resulted from the commercial rivalry between the European nations and the war resulted in 120,000 deaths and 100,000 casualties- all motivated by the greed of money.The American revolution itself is rooted in the social discontent that was caused by Mercantilism. Mercantilism also became the driving force behind the need of imperialism, to acquire colonies that could provide resources such as gold (Mexico) or sugar (West Indies).This resulted in the spread of European Powers and the control of regions by monopolistic trading companies such as the East India Company.CHAPTER 4: CRITICISMWhile the practical atrocities that came as a consequence of mercantilism is a deterrent enough, the reason that this policy has been turned into a historic relic is also because of the incorrect logical foundations that it has been based on.The economic policy has received serious criticisms over the years, which lead to it’s eventual ‘demise’.The following include some of the major incoherencies in the thought of mercantilism, by Adam Smith and David Hume, founders of the anti-mercantilist agenda.1. Zero-Sum Game:Mercantilism is based on the understanding that one countrys loss is another countries gain.Smith argued that trade should be a mutually beneficial feature and a positive-sum game, where each country gains wealth and benefits from the act of trading. This essentially formed the basis of the free trade model.2. Excessive Importance of Precious Materials:As wealth was measured in forms of gold and silver, the mercantile system has bee n criticized on this aspect.It was refuted that “money” itself was not given the importance that it deserved and instead untenable attention was granted to gold as the primary source of wealth.The mercantilists failed to appreciate the value of exchange as capital.3. One-Way Trade:Mercantilist states placed extensive importance on a favorable balance of trade.However, the notion of all nations being exporters and not importers was illogical and far from infallible.Critics argued that compared to trade balances, it is more important for a country to develop it’s own resources while accepting that it cannot be completely self-sufficient.4. Colonies Did Not Exist to Serve the Empire:The approach was taken by the imperial countries that promoted the exploitation of colonies was inhumane and national wreckage.It was an unsound economic proposition and resulted in economic distress, warfare, and social tension.5. Unequal Distribution of Wealth:Mercantilist policies were designed for advocating state regulation of commerce.This state intervention was criticized as it only benefited the government and the commercial class and did not care for the interests of the entire populace.Smith and Hume argued that commerce should be free and without any restrictions as they believed that people could protect their economic interests better than the state.To assume a conflict of interest between the government and the people of the state was naïve and based on logical fallacies. CHAPTER 5: MODERN DAY MERCANTILISMIt would be convenient to believe that Mercantilism has died and that this ancient policy could have no relevance to the present.However, despite the many illogical grounds that it has been constructed on, in the current century, we can still see the ghost of this theory making its hauntings in the world. Perhaps not as static as it existed in the 16th century, but still with the same purpose and values.Let us consider China for a moment.In the mid-2000s, Chinas economic policy was built around the encouragement of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country and to be a low-cost manufacturing arena for multinational corporations.However, by 2006, China took a step back and tried to create a China Inc. model instead which was designed to help Chinese firms, even at the expense of foreign investments.This model was designed to allow China to produce higher-value goods within its state and by enacting policies that discouraged foreign competition. Sounds familiar to something that the British did the in the 1700s? Because it is.China has been severely criticized for using mercantilist economic policies such as that of “forced localization” that requires domestic production as a mandate for market entry.China has also indulged in standards and currency manipulation, granted subsidies for state-owned industries and erected unfavorable procurement policies.However, China does not stand alone in its favor towards mercantilist polices. Donal d Trump of the United States has also been accused of using such strategies through his economic policies.The Trump government have created placed trade tariffs on American allies, fostered the notion that free trade deals are not beneficial and that trade surpluses are all signs of economic prosperity.While the republican government cloaks these actions under the needs of national security and other pretenses the fact of the matter remains the same.The United States is employing an economic policy that went out of business in the 18th century.The consequences of these actions by the superpowers are dire and will lead to increased rates, higher unemployment and create a strong move away from free trade, hurting the economies of other countries as well.CONCLUSIONAs economist Steve Hank stated,“Mercantilism was an insidious economic theory that held Europe in its thrall in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries”.A financial policy that carried immense weight for over 3 centuries and t hat resulted in terrible results, is making a brutal comeback.Carried by the support of the most powerful countries of the world, there is an alarm in what ways this economic ghost is preparing to haunt us.

The Indian Removal Act Of 1830 - 1083 Words

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a law passed by President Andrew Jackson that provided the funds for the removal of the Indian tribes found in South. These tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Slave states, following the lead of Missouri who in the 1820s forced its Indian population to leave, saw the opportunity to expand their industry in the fielding of cotton by â€Å"converting Indian soil into slave soil.† That along with the finding of gold and simply the desire for land in the Southeast was enough reason for them to begin rooting for the expulsion of the tribes. They believed that because the tribes were â€Å"uncivilized† they have no right to the land and were not using it properly. Despite the fact that former president Thomas Jefferson believed that civilized tribes could be integrated into the United States population, this law was still widely accepted among southern states. It was also completely ignored that the tribes were already acting in a way that would be considered civilized. The Cherokee had its own government, laws, and a constitution much like the United States. In response to the law, the Cherokee went to Congress for help to protect their rights, which the treaties they had with the federal government made certain. There was a case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831, but the Chief Justice Marshall made the false claim that Indians were nomads and had no need for their land. He also said that the Indians were like â€Å"wards†Show MoreRelatedThe Removal Of The Indian Removal Act Of 18301820 Words   |  8 Pagespolicy of the Government, steadily pursued for nearly thirty years, in relation to the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation. Two important tribes have accepted the provision made for their removal at the last session of Congress, and it is believed that their example will induce the remaining tribes also to seek the same obvious advantages.† (Jackson, 1830) This quote from President Andrew Jackson showed the happiness of the â€Å"white settlers† ofRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 18301155 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Indian Removal Act of 1830 The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was an act that helped aid the expansion of the United States population into the southernmost states, occupied mainly by Native Americans. The act was a long time coming, especially with President Andrew Jackson, a long-time proponent of Native American removal, at the helm. This paper explores the history leading up to the law, the introduction and passage, as well as the sometimes-tragic implementation of the Indian Removal Act of 1830Read MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830868 Words   |  4 PagesIndian Removal Act of 1830 The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28th 1930 during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. Perhaps best known as the black eye of the administration and overshadowing his presidency’s accomplishments, the Indian Removal Act was passed into law to allow the president to negotiate with Indians to purchase land they occupied and offer them lands west of the Mississippi. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 could also amount to pure greed and racism, the beginning of theRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 1830940 Words   |  4 PagesThe American’s desire for expansion of their nation and economic growth has always been their main interest and goal. The Indian Removal in the 1830’s was a great example of America’s efforts to expand through North America and their motivation to economically improve through profitable opportunities. When comparing the Indian Removal and the events that followed the Treaty of Paris, a similarity in the expansion of America i s discovered. Labor, politics, and economics of America during the two erasRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 1830892 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents are analyzing is; what are the major effects of the Indian Removal Act of 1830? The students will be given several data sets of events that occurred after the act was initiated and draw conclusions and revise their thesis statement as they go. The big idea of this lesson to have students understand the importance of the Indian Removal Act and it is essentially only the beginning of the journey that Indian tribes had to face after the act was initiated. It led to many heartbreaking events thatRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 PagesIt gives me pleasure to announce to Congress . . . the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation† (Jackson, 1830, para.1). With promises of new lands, protection, and monies, President Andrew Jackson portrays the Indian Removal Act of 1830 as beneficial to Indians, wherein governmental financial gain is incidental. However, when considering land transactions and gold discoveries, the true beneficiaries are revealed. While strengthening the States’Read MoreThe Indian Removal Act of 18301123 Words   |  5 PagesTHE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830 Migdalia Tuero HIST101: American History to 1877 Professor Kathleen Davis February 13, 2014 There are several historical events and issues that have impacted the contemporary political development among American history. In the history of America one of these groups are the Native Americans. The white man throughout the South called for a removal of the Indian peoples. They wanted the Native Indians to be resettled to the west because their presence createdRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 18301299 Words   |  6 Pageswere many diverse, and complex views when approaching this subject matter; however, in 1830 President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced Indians to relocate from their homelands in south east to land west of the Mississippi river. This granted the U.S. a large portion of new rich land, unfortunately it was at the expense of the Native Americans. When passing the Indian Removal Act of 1830, President Jackson relied on teleological utilitarianism ethnic views, in that he focusedRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 Pagesbut the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew†, remarked a Georgia soldier who had participated in the removal of Indian Natives during the mid-1800’s. As a result of the Indian Removal Act, Indian natives have been perceived as mistreated and cheated throughout history. The Indian Removal Act was passed during the presidency of Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. This act granted authorization to the president to exchange unsettled lands west of Mississippi for Indian lands residing inRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 1830865 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the Indian Removal act of 1830 was enacted, the Cherokee Nation panicked. The Cherokee, specifically the romanticized Tsali, did their best to preserve their culture in the mountains of North Carolina, but what really saved them from their harsh fate that so many other Cherokee faced, was there white chief, William Holland Thomas. The Cherokee were â€Å"disagreeable and dangerous neighbors,† but th ey had a powerful ally in Raleigh, who saved the Eastern Band from a much harsher fate. The Eastern

Eng 102 Poetry Essay - 4291 Words

Denise K. Steen February 28, 2012 English 102 Option #2 Reflections Within is a non-traditional stanzaic poem made up of five stanzas containing thirty-four lines that do not form a specific metrical pattern. Rather it is supported by its thematic structure. Each of the five stanzas vary in the amount of lines that each contain. The first stanza is a sestet containing six lines. The same can be observed of the second stanza. The third stanza contains eight lines or an octave. Stanzas four and five are oddly in that their number of lines which are five and nine. Beginning with the first line in the first stanza, The Earths cool breeze spoke to me, the meter examined within this line is trimeter, containing seven syllables,†¦show more content†¦This symbolizes the familiar that is about to proceed in the text. The rhyme scheme in the second stanza ddeefg brings us to an end in the texts relation to the Earths cool breeze just as the rhyme pattern discontinues from its previous flow, aabbcc. The third stanza which marks the middle of the poem begins, The Ocean said, Come flow freely with me with ten syllables written in pentameter accompanied by iambic, spondee and trochee syllables. A steady rhythm in meter is noted in the next four lines which declines to trimeter for all four lines. Line fourteen, and the creatures in my seas. contains pyrrhic, trochee and anapestic syllables. The fifteenth line in trimeter, Here your tears will disappear, contains for the first time in the poem, a dactyllic syllable accompanied by the iambic syllable. Line sixteen, and your worries will cease. contains again the iambic syllable now accompanied by the pyrrhic syllable. The last line in the series of trimeter lines is line seventeen which states, Be the element that I need.. concludes the metered pattern. In lines fourteen through seventeen the meter is measured the same, however there is a new element added to the syllables previously used in the beginning stanzas. The repeated trimeter is suggestive of familiar situation but the new syllable isShow MoreRelatedHigh Shcool675 Words   |  3 PagesSieanna Fulmore Professor Biddle ENG 102 07 February 2014 Essay 1: Diversity Diversity  is integral to excellence. We value and honor diverse experiences and perspectives, strive to create welcoming and respectful learning environments, and promote access, opportunity and justice for all. Mayas writings have a way of embracing people and successfully state her thoughts and emotions. Pulse is a call for hope and opportunity part of our history. 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Academic Lecture Summary and Critique Free Essays

Academic Lecture Summary and Critique In his lecture that he gave on February 2006 in Oxford Sir Ken Robinson states that our school systems should not undermine creativity and it effect in our lives. In fact he believes that it should be as important as all core subject of education such as math and languages. Robinson believes that our children are being â€Å"educated out of their creativity† after having mentioned a few examples of how children are not scared of taking chances or being wrong, but when those children reach adulthood they have lost this amazing capability. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic Lecture Summary and Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the fact that they are taught to think and live in a way suited to the corporate world that thinks of mistakes as taboo. It is important to keep in mind that Robinson did not undermine the importance of other subject he simply questioned if they are sufficient to grasp a good place in this unpredictable future. Robinson emphasized on the importance of intelligence in its three aspects â€Å"diversity† â€Å"dynamic† â€Å"distinct† he believes that our educational system should revolve on the development of children’s intelligence to its full potential. In my opinion, I think that sir ken Robinson shed some light on a very important issue in our global society. Even though his lecture didn’t have that academic touch to it, I sure enjoyed how passionately he spoke about the topic. In his own way Robinson, involved the audience in the conversation by posing rhetorical questions and by quoting daily life scenarios. What made his lecture more effective is that he quoted and mentioned people who had a big influence on this world due to their creativity likes of Picasso and Shakespeare. What I enjoyed most in his lecture is the unconventional method he used to highlight his main points in the audiences minds through humor. My only remark was that he did not give any solution. In the end sir ken Robinson finished with a big question that made the audience think he actually challenged the audience to think of a better world. How to cite Academic Lecture Summary and Critique, Essay examples

A Project Report On Marketing Fundamentals Tesla

Question: Discuss about the Project Report On Marketing Fundamentals Tesla. Answer: Market research is one of the vital components adopted by companies to understand the needs, beliefs and desires of the customers. Primary and secondary are the major types of research that includes market information, market segmentation, market trends, SWOT analysis and other tools that help to gain an insight of the market conditions (Elliott, Thiele and Waller, 2014). Tesla is an American based automobile company that has very well positioned itself through its planned and extensive market research (Tesla, 2017). The company performed a strategic market research by using different tools such as PESTEL analysis, surveys and questionnaires and other methods to gather information from the market. Tesla used PESTEL analysis to assess the political, economic, social, legal, environmental and technological factors of the market to construe that the governments are promoting the production of environmental cars because of rising prices of fuel. The customers, on the other hand, have also begun to prefer the cars that protect the environment and do not pollute it due to which there was a demand for electric cars in the market (Forbes, 2016). Further, Tesla also conducted interviews with groups of moms and women of different ages to take their opinion about electric cars (Forbes, 2016). Thus, from the research, the company developed its marketing strategies and launched the product Model X especially for women (Forbes, 2016). The model was designed by considering the core selling points including safety, large space for kids and a third row. The engineers of the company incorporated all of this into the car design and manufacturing process. Another feature that was inferred from the research was that the female generally prefer to have a beautiful car along with ease for their children (Forbes, 2016). Thus, the company strategically used market research data to develop an effective product for the female. Market Competition: Coca Cola Pepsi Competition in a market arises when there are several players offering similar product or services to a large number of consumers. The players compete with each other in order to acquire a larger market share of the market and increase their sales revenue (Economics Online, 2017). The players could compete on the basis of prices, marketing, strategies and attributes of products to attract a greater share of target audience (Lin, 2016). Coca Cola is one of the largest producers of cold drinks with its huge network of sales and distribution around the world. The company has established its unique brand identity through its quality products and strong global recognition. Coca cola has its huge fan following that is a result of its customer loyalty (Lin, 2016). The main competitor of Coca Cola is Pepsi that is a thorn in the flesh for the company. Coca cola would have become the leading soft drink company around the world without Pepsi. The presence of Pepsi has brought significant changes in the marketing strategies of Coca Cola company. When Pepsi reduced its prices in the market of Australia, Coca cola also reduced the prices in order to maintain its position in the supermarkets shelf. Coca cola has to incur a huge loss in order to carry out this campaign and retain its market position (Lin, 2016). The advertisements launched by Pepsi also influence the marketing strategies of Coca cola (Lin, 2016). Coca cola responds with complete maturity to the ads of the Pepsi in order to retain its position in the minds of the consumers. Thus, Coca Cola has to invest a huge amount of money to compete with Pepsi through huge advertising and marketing strategies. Coca cola has increased its advertising budget amount in order to stay in competition with the Pepsi (Lin, 2016). PESTEL Analysis of Samsung PESTEL analysis helps to determine the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects of a country that would facilitate the growth of the product and the company. Samsung introduced its latest product Galaxy S8 after an extensive PESTEL analysis of the market in order to acquire maximum returns from the market. Political Factors The political factors include stable political conditions, country relations and the support of government. Overall Samsung has received favorable response from the market of US, Australia, Europe and developing nations of Asia (Walters, 2017). The company faced some issues due to volatility of Latin American countries that affect the operations of the company. Economic Factors Samsung Galaxy S8 has captured the market in a short span of time in the developing nations but faced some issues in developed nations due to low purchasing power of the customers. Koreas strong currency also affected the revenue of the product. Social Factors The market has witnessed rising popularity of electronic and mobile devices among the consumers because of changing and emerging technology. The main challenge that the company faces is the frequent changes in the demands of the consumers. Samsung has very well tailored its product to suit the needs of almost every consumer around the world (Walters, 2017). Technological Factors Samsung is one of the most innovative companies that stays ahead of its competitors and makes optimum use of technology to offer the latest products to the customers. Samsung has produced amazing software and applications by effectively blending the market demand and technology in a single product Galaxy S8 (Walters, 2017). Legal Factors Samsung has to face numerous issues regarding Copyrights and patents. The company also faced challenges regarding wireless communication regulations and had to adhere to the laws and regulations pertaining to electronic device safety around the globe. Environmental Factors Samsung has always considered the laws and regulations of the environment and has deployed processes that do not pollute the environment. SWOT Analysis of Woolworths SWOT analysis is used by the companies to determine their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to develop a marketing plan (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008). Woolworths is one of the Australian retail based firm that consistently enhance its strategies in order to retain its market position. Strengths Woolworths occupies the largest market share of Australia and is the pioneer firm to introduce the concept of retail chain (Greenblat, 2017). The retail chain has established its brand name and unique identity through its quality products and services. Weaknesses Woolworths is one of the oldest retail companies but does not have a global presence when compared to its competitors. The retail chain also has not been successfully able to develop a sustainable unique selling proposition that questions its credibility and market positioning (Berry, 2016). The company delayed to enter online market due to which it has to face tough competition. Opportunities Woolworths could expand its business by exploring new markets and establish its global presence. It could deploy franchise model and joint venture strategy in the beginning in order to penetrate deeper in the market. Threats The cost of food material and other products has witnessed an increase that could affect the profitability of the firm. The ongoing recession has also influenced the activities of the organization. There is an intense pressure in the market from Aldi and Coles that is again affecting the market share of the company (Berry, 2016). Marketing Plan From the SWOT analysis, the company has explored its opportunities by entering the international market of UK through marketing mix element. Product: Woolworths introduced its quality services that ensure freshness of food and high product quality (The Conversation, 2017). Price: Woolworths has deployed economical pricing strategy in order to capture the market (The Conversation, 2017). Promotion: Woolworths offered discount offers to attract large number of audience. Place: Woolworths opened its stores in the main market area in order to attract the audience. Segmentation, Targeting And Positioning of Retail Industry Segmentation is the process of dividing the entire market into smaller segments to determine segment for the company (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008). Segmentation could be done on the basis of demographics, geography, lifestyle and psychology of the customers. The different segments could include youngsters, executives, professionals, adults, female, housewives, unemployed and college students (Elliott, Thiele and Waller, 2014). After segmenting, a particular group of people called target market is targeted by the industry through strategic marketing and advertising. Positioning is influencing the minds of consumers through effective marketing strategies (Elliott, Thiele and Waller, 2014). Retail industry is one of the largest industries of Australia that targets a large group of segment. Around 70%-90% of the consumers prefer to shop their groceries and other household material from the retail chains because of the availability of a wide range of products (Greenblat, 2017). The targ et customers of retail industry include housewives, females, adults and middle aged people. The customers are attracted towards the retail chains because of low priced products and quality services (Greenblat, 2017). Thus, the retail industry has very well identified its target group from which it can increase its sales revenue and profitability. Further, the strategic positioning involves offering low priced product along with quality services, discounts and special offers during festive season also excite the customers to shop from retail stores. The customers are also promised fresh food products and customized services such as home delivery, app based shopping and other unique services (Greenblat, 2017). The consumers feel elated and experience a unique shopping experience with the retail stores that compels them to shop for next time and become a loyal customer. Thus, the industry has strategically positioned itself as a low cost brand that offers quality services along with a unique experience to its consumers. Brand Management Brand management is one of the most crucial elements of marketing that has occupied the top most concern for the leaders of the companies. A brand has to consistently evolve itself in order maintain its sustainability by meeting the customer demands. Apple Apple is one of the examples of successful brand management around the world. The brand has very well utilized and internalized the concept of perceived value due to which the consumers always assess the benefits of its products of much higher value as compared to their prices. The brand has built itself by connecting with the consumers through their emotions that they experience while using the Apples products (Bajarin, 2016). The customers never forget a brand with which they have had a great experience and Apple has very well internalize this process through its highly innovative and technologically advanced products. Another major reason for Apples success is its risk taking ability and targeting the emerging market through which it became a pioneer and leader in the electronics market (Scheidies, 2017). Nokia Nokia is a Finnish multinational corporation that demonstrates the example of failed brand. Nokia might have evolved as successful brand but failed miserably because of its ineffective marketing strategies. The major reason for Nokiaa failure was Nokia did not deploy appropriate marketing strategies and projected itself more like an engineering company in the market (Huy, 2016). The company could not touch the chord of the consumers through its products and services. The company was rather more focused to build hardware devices instead of satisfying the needs of the consumers. Nokia always underestimated the significance of software in a mobile set due to which it was unable to adapt itself with the transitioning business environment (Surowiecki, 2016). Nokia never adapted the latest operating system and insisted on its hardware design. Another blunder of Nokia was its inability to analyze its competition that it faced from Apple and Samsung. References Bajarin, T. (2016). 6 Reasons Apple Is So Successful. TIME. Available at: https://techland.time.com/2016/05/07/six-reasons-why-apple-is-successful/ [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Berry, P. (2016). Woolies appears to be losing its battle with Aldi and Coles over the $11 billion groceries market. News. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/retail/woolies-appears-to-be-losing-its-battle-with-aldi-and-coles-over-the-11-billion-groceries-market/news-story/ee619afcd95cab694d1a40687fef869c [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Economics Online. (2017). Competitive markets. Economics Online. Available at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/Competitive_markets.html [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Elliott, G., Thiele, S.R., and Waller, D. (2014). Marketing. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Forbes. (2016). Tesla's Unique Position In The Car Market Is One Of Its Biggest Strengths. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/07/02/teslas-unique-position-in-the-car-market-is-one-of-its-biggest-strengths/#427a537e3ad7 [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Greenblat, E. (2017). Woolworths performance faces market scrutiny. The Australian. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/woolworths-performance-faces-market-scrutiny/news-story/a642bd3a7ca2ed4344fc71a2f719d788 [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Huy, Q. (2016). Who Killed Nokia? Nokia Did. Insead Knowledge. Available at: https://knowledge.insead.edu/strategy/who-killed-nokia-nokia-did-4268 [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F., and McDaniel, C. (2008). Essential of Marketing. Cengage Learning. Lin, H. (2016).Coca-cola vs. Pepsi: The Economics behind Cokes Dominance. Essa. Available at: https://economicstudents.com/2012/10/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-the-economics-behind-cokes-dominance/ [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Next Shark. (2016). Nokia Failed Because They Did the One Thing That Drives Most Companies into the Ground. Next Shark. Available at: https://nextshark.com/the-fall-of-nokia-has-an-important-lesson-in-success-everyone-should-know/ [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Scheidies, N. (2017). How Apple Became the Worlds Most Valuable Company. INCOME. Available at: https://www.incomediary.com/how-apple-became-the-worlds-most-valuable-company [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Surowiecki, J. (2016). Where Nokia Went Wrong. New Yorker. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/where-nokia-went-wrong [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. Tesla. (2017). Performance and safety refined. Tesla. Available at: https://www.tesla.com/en_AU/models [Accessed Online 4 May 2017]. The Conversation. (2017). UK calling: Why Australian supermarkets continue to look abroad for leadership. The Conversation. Available at: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/industries/retail/uk-calling-australian-supermarkets-continue-look-abroad-leadership/ [Accessed Online 4 May 2017].Walters, E. (2017). The Gorgeous Galaxy S8 Is the Perfect Response to the Note 7 Debacle. Paste Magazine. Available at: https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/03/the-gorgeous-galaxy-s8-is-the-perfect-response-to.html [Accessed Online 4 May 2017].

The Slave Years Of Frederick Douglass Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Slave Years of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was born a slave in 1817 as Frederick Bailey on a farm in Tuckahoe, near Easton town in Talbot County, Maryland. The proprietor of the farm, Captain Anthony, was Frederick # 8217 ; s first maestro. Frederick # 8217 ; s female parent, Harriet Bailey, worked for long hours in the Fieldss of Captain Anthony # 8217 ; s farm situated 12 stat mis off from their place. Because of this, Frederick # 8217 ; s female parent was unable to take attention of him and so Frederick was sent to populate with his grandma, Betsey Bailey. Betsey was excessively old for field labor ; therefore, her occupation was to take attention of kids until they were old plenty to work. Being so far apart, Frederick was merely able to see his mother four or five times in his life. Those times that they did run into were really short and happened during the darks ( 24 ; ch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Slave Years Of Frederick Douglass Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 ) . Harriet Bailey died when Frederick was about seven old ages old, but he did non cognize anything about her decease until much subsequently. Hence, Frederick had small memory of his female parent. It was ill-defined who Frederick # 8217 ; s male parent was. Frederick himself had really small information about his male parent except that he was white. Frederick had besides speculated that his male parent might be Captain Anthony. Thus, Frederick spent his childhood with his grandma on the outskirts of the plantation. During these old ages, he had no apprehension of bondage or the state of affairs that he was in. At the age of six, Frederick began his work for Captain Anthony. The slave kids of Captain Anthony were fed maize repast pulp that was placed in a trough. They looked like so many hogs that ate pulp with oyster-shells, bare custodies until they left the trough satisfied ( 52 ; ch.5 ) . Furthermore, these slaves merely got two harsh linen shirts, making to their articulatio genuss, for vesture per twelvemonth. Seven to ten old ages old kids were about naked all seasons. They were non provided beds or warm covers. Hence, they slept in the kitchen on cold winter darks in order to maintain themselves warm ( 51 ; ch.5 ) . On one dark, Frederick witnessed a tanning of his Aunt Hester by Captain Anthony because she had disobeyed his orders. It was the first clip that Frederick saw a atrocious exhibition. It was besides the first of a long series of indignations that he was a informant and subsequently to be a victim of ( 28 ; ch.1 ) . In 1826, Lucretia Auld, a girl of Anthony, told Frederick that he was being sent to Baltimore to populate with her hubby # 8217 ; s brother, Mr. Hugh Auld. Thus, Frederick left Colonel Lloyd # 8217 ; s plantation when he was eight old ages old. He enjoyed his three happiest yearss before he left his place by rinsing off the plantation scurf in the brook, and fixing himself for his going. He scrubbed himself clean, since Lucretia would give him a brace of bloomerss to have on to Baltimore. Frederick left Tuckahoe with joy. He was eager to travel to Baltimore and to go forth his unhappy life at the plantation behind. His female parent was now dead, his grandma lived far of f and his siblings were separated early in his life. As a consequence, Frederick was on his manner to Baltimore to work, for the first clip, with the hope of wages ( 53 ; ch.5 ) . After geting to the Auld household, Frederick was told to take attention of small Thomas, an infant boy. Sophia Auld was his kept woman, whom Frederick described as # 8221 ; a adult female of the kindest bosom and finest feelings # 8221 ; ( 57 ; ch.6 ) . Mrs. Auld taught him the ABC # 8217 ; s, and so to spell simple words. At that point, Mr. Auld found out and became ferocious because it was improper and insecure to learn a slave to read. Hugh Auld said to his married woman that learning a slave to read and to compose that would do him disqualify to be a slave. He told his married woman that a slave who can read and compose would non obey his maestro any more. Furthermore, this slave could get away to freedom topographic point ( 58 ; ch.6 ) . From that minute, Frederick figured out what a slavery life was. He learned from Mr. Auld that cognizing how to read and to compose could take him to freedom. Hence, he made deriving knowledge his primary end. Sophia Auld, persuaded by her h ubby, changed her ideas about learning Frederick. She began handling him as a slave, non like any other kid. Mrs. Auld would acquire angry whenever she caught Frederick reading a newspaper or books. Learning from her hubby, Sophia recognized that instruction and bondage were the two opposite things that were non compatible with each other. On the other manus, Frederick was still larning to read from his hapless white friends, whom he met on the streets while he was sent on errands. He paid # 8220 ; these instructors # 8221 ; pieces of staff of life in order to acquire more valuable staff of life of cognition ( 65 ; ch.7 ) . As a consequence, Frederick bit by bit learned to read. # 8220 ; A slave for life # 8221 ; was being thought to a great extent upon his caput when he was 12 old ages old. He bought a book with a rubric # 8220 ; The Columbian Orator # 8221 ; , which contained duologues covering with autonomy and human rights. Frederick was consumed with the ideas written in this book. He so began to read metropolis documents and learned the words abolishment and emancipationist ( 69 ; ch.7 ) . After that he succeeded in larning how to compose from his friends and from his small Master Thomas # 8217 ; s copybooks. After populating with the Aulds for approximately five old ages, he went back to the topographic point of his birth to go to to Captain Anthony # 8217 ; s decease. All Captain Anthony # 8217 ; s belongings was divided between his boy and girl, Andrew and Lucretia. After the division of the belongings, Frederick fell to the part of Lucretia and was sent back to Baltimore to populate with Mas ter Hugh household once more. Unfortunately, Lucretia and Andrew died within that same twelvemonth and so all the belongings of his old maestro was given to the aliens – two Auld brothers. Frederick was angered when his grandma, considered excessively old for any work, was sent into the forests to decease. This event increased his hate of bondage. At this clip, there was a struggle between the two brothers ; therefore, Master Thomas took Frederick to populate with him as penalty to his brother, Master Hugh ( 78 ; ch.8 ) . In March of 1832, Frederick, a 15 year-old-boy, left Baltimore and went to populate with his new maestro, Thomas Auld, at St. Michael # 8217 ; s. Thomas was described as a mean and cruel but coward adult male who neer gave a slave plenty nutrient to eat. Therefore, slaves had to steal nutrient from neighbouring farms to last. Frederick was highly unhappy about his new state of affairs because of his disfavor for his new maestro. He rapidly became unsuitable for Thomas # 8217 ; s aim. As a consequence, Frederick received terrible tannings from Thomas, all for no good ground ( 87 ; ch.9 ) . In January 1833, Frederick was sent to Edward Covey for one twelvemonth. Mr. Covey was a hapless husbandman and an expert # 8220 ; nigger-breaker # 8221 ; . However, Covey fed his slaves better than Thomas did. Covey gave them adequate to eat, but really small clip to eat before they were sent back to work. Slaves of Covey must work from morning until after twilight. Frederick worked for the fir st clip in his life as a field manus in the forests of Covey. After working for one hebdomad, Frederick got the first serious whipping from Covey. During the six months that followed, Frederick was continually whipped every bit serious as the first clip until he was broken in organic structure, spirit and psyche. On one of the hottest yearss of August 1833, Frederick # 8217 ; s strength failed him and he could non stand any longer in the field. As Covey saw this, he kicked and beat Frederick until Frederick became unconscious. After Frederick got his strength back, he went back to the Auld farm to implore them to allow him remain. Unluckily, Thomas Auld refused and sent him back to Covey. One twenty-four hours, when Covey began binding him for a tanning, Frederick found the strength to arise this whipping. The spirit of deciding to contend all of a sudden came to his head that suited his action to the declaration ( 103 ; ch.10 ) . There was a conflict between Frederick and Covey fo r about two hours, until Covey eventually gave up. From that clip on, Covey stopped floging him. # 8220 ; I felt as I neer felt before. It was a glorious Resurrection, from the grave of bondage, to the Eden of freedom # 8221 ; , Frederick wrote ( 105 ; ch.10 ) . He felt like he was freed as a consequence of this triumph. After working for Mr. Covey for a twelvemonth, Frederick was sent to work for a husbandman named William Freeland, a comparatively sort maestro. Freeland gave the slaves plenty nutrient and clip to eat. By that clip, Frederick did non care for holding a sort maestro. All he concentrated on was acquiring his freedom. He held his Sabbath school, an illegal school, to learn the slaves about a whole twelvemonth. Then, came up with a program for flight. His group planned to steal a boat to row up the Chesapeake Bay before Easter vacations in 1835. This program failed when one of his fellow-slaves betrayed them. Frederick was put into gaol for about one hebdomad. To Frederick # 8217 ; s surprise, Captain Thomas Auld came up and took him out of gaol. After that, Thomas sent him back to Baltimore to populate with Hugh Auld once more. Since the two Auld brothers had resolved their differences. Hugh Auld so hired Frederick, as a caulker, to work on an extended shipwright undertaking. One twen ty-four hours, a group of white learners beat up Frederick and made his orb about explosion ( 130 ; ch.10 ) . That was how the white work forces treated a black slave individual in the shipyard. After Frederick recovered from his hurts, he began his apprenticeship with Master Hugh. Within one twelvemonth, Frederick was able to acquire the highest pay possible for a caulker. After being an experient caulker, Frederick sought his ain employment and collected his ain money gaining. It was truly his ain ; yet, he must give all his rewards to Hugh Auld at each Saturday dark. Sometimes, Hugh gave Frederick back a small money from his rewards to promote him. As clip went on, Frederick resented holding to give up all his hard-earned money to Master Hugh. He so got the privilege for his ain work, gave his maestro money from his working and maintain excess money for himself. His head ever thought about a freedom of life. Frederick had joined a group of educated free inkinesss, and made friends with a figure of warm-hearted friends in Baltimore. One of them was Anna Murray, his intended married woman. Thinking about flight was difficult for him, at that clip, because of the love and fr iendly relationship that had surrounded him. Furthermore, there could be the danger that he might acquire caught during his escaping, and his life would stop with decease. But eventually, Frederick decided to get away to freedom. On the 3rd twenty-four hours of September 1838, with money that he borrowed from Anna, Frederick bought a ticket and succeeded in making New York. He left his ironss of bondage and became a free adult male on that twenty-four hours. His feeling was # 8220 ; like one who had escaped a lair of hungry king of beastss # 8221 ; ( 143 ; ch.11 ) . Frederick eventually changed his name from Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to Frederick Douglass. A new universe had opened in forepart of his eyes. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave. Ed. Benjamin Quarles. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1960.

Doing Sales the Old Fashioned Way. Yup it’s Cold Calling.

Doing Sales the Old Fashioned Way. Yup it’s Cold Calling. The Dreaded Cold Call Does the very phrase â€Å"cold calling† send shivers down your spine? A September 2014 Forbes article, 10 Sales Techniques To Never Cold Call Again, notes that â€Å"cold calling is a dreaded and daunting task that strikes fear down the backs of even the most fearless of marketers.† I’m not a stranger to cold calling. As a fairly new college graduate, I worked at the Volunteer Legal Services in Oakland, CA, where part of my job was to call attorneys and ask them to accept pro bono cases. Most of them said no. But since then, I’ve had very little need to cold call- and frankly have avoided it, believing that it was simply inefficient. When Mark, one of my first unofficial business coaches, yelled at me because I wasn’t making enough cold calls to drum up business, I blatantly ignored him. Nothing Else is Working! When the print version of my book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, became available in November 2015, I had a dream that the book would be snapped up by every college bookstore in the country. But I soon faced the harsh reality that this was not happening- not even slightly. Without a publisher and its attendant publicity machine, I had a challenge: How would I let college bookstores know about the availability of my book? One thing was for sure: My dream would not be realized if I didn’t do something. I reached out to my resources for help. A friend who has connections to college career services failed to return my emails and phone calls. â€Å"Contact the National Association of College Bookstores (NACS),† said my business coach. So I contacted NACS and discovered, after 3 months of waiting, that â€Å"We don’t have a good means of single title promotion.† I tried going to the marketing department at the distributor of my book (Ingram), who came back with, â€Å"It would be up to you as the ‘publisher’ to promote and market your book and direct people to our distribution partners to place an order.† Gee thanks. Biting the Bullet- Picking Up the Phone Finally, it got through my thick skull that there was no easy way to do this. So I started cold calling. First, I walked into the University of Wisconsin Bookstore in my home town of Madison. They ordered two copies. Encouraged, I called the Yale Bookstore (my alma mater). They ordered two copies too! Not only that, but the Barnes Noble in Madison was happy to order a couple of copies for their shelves! I called some more college bookstores. Some of them said no. Others, to my great joy, said yes! Here’s where my book will be carried as of this writing: Yale University NYU University of Wisconsin-Madison (downtown and Hilldale) University of Chicago Evergreen State College Alabama University Iowa State University University of Utah Barnes Noble, East Towne Mall, Madison, WI Here I was looking for a broad solution that would not require the work of making individual phone calls to individual bookstores. I was so stuck in thinking there must be a better way that I missed out on the opportunity to do it the old fashioned way. Once I started calling, I started getting results. Of course I can’t possibly call every book store in the country and ask them to carry my book. But I can call a lot of them, and if people buy the book, at some point I trust the balance will tip. Coach Mark, if you’re reading this, guess what?! I’m making cold calls. And it’s working. If you like How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile and want to see the print book in your local Barnes Noble or other bookstore, please let them know about it and let me know if I can add to the above list! And if there’s a situation in your life where you’re waiting for a magical solution, maybe that solution is simply picking up the phone, and dialing.

Abkhazia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abkhazia - Essay Example As a means of seeking to define and understand the dynamics of Abkhazia to a more complete degree, this brief analysis will be concentric upon discussing the history of Abkhazia, analyzing whether or not it has any claim to state, or a state within a state for that matter, as well as the particular situation that exists within Abkhazia within the present time. Like so many of the other ethnic groups within the region of the South Caucuses, the ethnic definition of the â€Å"state of Abkhazia† quite literally has a direct connotation to the land of the â€Å"Land of the Apsians†; the racial and ethnic identifier that the individuals who reside within the bounds of Abkhazia utilize to denote themselves as compared to the Ossetians to the east, Russians to the north and the Georgians and Armenians to the South (Harzl, 2011). Within such an ethnic interpretation of what defines Abkhazia, the reader can quickly come to understand how the conflict which played out in 2008 was ultimately fomented and furthered.

Deserving graduating senior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deserving graduating senior - Essay Example This is the major reason as to why I am applying for this particular scholarship program. Throughout my high school education I have worked hard and put all my efforts towards achieving excellent performance. I may not have been naturally smart when it comes to the book but my efforts and encouragement from parents and teachers were influential in the attainment of what I have so far achieved. My hard work, dedication and commitment towards excelling in my studies made me create a very special bond with my teachers which prove extremely beneficial. I am an inquisitive, proactive, and flexible learner; these qualities coupled with my great effort and cordial relations with my tutors perform well. I was thus able to post high GPA results and take college classes as a junior during my senior year of high school. In my college classes at the Pen State-Beaver Campus I posted above average grades as a junior student. I therefore intend to join the Kent University on graduation from college and pursue Aviation Science. It’s my intention to participate in the United State s Air Force ROTC program at college and enlist in the Air Force after graduating from college. Apart from my academic life at school and college, I am also am outgoing person; I actively participate in extracurricular activities. I have served as President for the Ski club, and Treasurer of the Freedom Fortune 500 club. Am an active of the Spanish club, Homecoming Court 2014 and Tech Team. When it comes to track and field events I have always committed myself to athletics and soccer serving as soccer captain for the high school team while at the same time maintaining a high GPA standing in my academics. These I believe are very important for physical, mental and psychological needs of my body which translate into good health as well as performance of the brain. I extend the same to my community where I voluntarily serve as Head Coach for the

Influences of Egyptian Art on Art Deco

Influences of Egyptian Art on Art Deco A dissertation on Art Deco how it was influenced by the discovery of Egyptian art, more specifically the findings at Tutankhamens tomb. Explore how the London exhibition of these findings was of great significance to the worlds of fashion interiors in the 1970s and how many designers started to redeploy Egyptian motifs in their work. Introduction Egyptian art and design was very much centred on decorative motifs and patterns for both large and small items. As Egyptian artefacts were uncovered and became known to modern civilization, their art designs began to have an influence on modern design.[1] This paper will look at how these Egyptian motifs and designs became hugely influential on the Art Deco movement in the 1920’s and 1930’s, as well as the revival of the movement in the 1970’s. There will be a particular focus upon the artefacts found in the legendary tomb of Tutankhamen. Through the London exhibition of this work, its decorative motifs spread into what we now know were the beginnings of the Art Deco movement. It also had a strong influence on the resurgence of Art Deco designs in 1970’s home decorations and furnishings. The paper will be split into two main sections, with the first section looking at the general influence of Egyptian design on Art Deco design. The second section will then look at specific examples of designs and designers to support the claims of Egyptian influence on Art Deco design through the artefacts of the Tutankhamen exhibition. Firstly, though, it is worth mentioning a brief history of how Egyptian design began to influence modern design, particularly in the Western world. It was in the 18th century that Egyptian design first became fashionable for furnishing within British homes, mainly through the influence of Italian design at the time. This is when obviously Egyptian items were being used as designs within homes, including obelisks and sphinxes. As Western society learnt more about Egypt through the decipherment of the Rosetta Stone, the opening of the Suez Canal and an exhibition of Egyptian artefacts by Belzoni in 1821, the trend for Egyptian design as a fashion continued throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century.[2] However, during this time much of the Egyptian designs were limited to copies or replicas of large, visible artefacts of Egypt. It was not until the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen in 1922 that the styling of Egyptian design began to really influence modern design. The artefacts in Tutankhamen’s tomb were of amazing quality and style, and it is these artefacts that inspired the Art Deco movement. Examples first appeared in architecture such as the Hoover Building in London in 1931/32, which is still around today. Many other aspects of design from this period such as furniture, jewellery, and even clothing were influenced by Egyptian design. However, it was the Art Deco movement that took Egyptian motifs and designs and used them in a different way, rather than exactly copying or reproducing existing designs. [3] The artefacts of Tutankhamen again had an influence on design in the 1970’s as they were exhibited in London. This sparked a renewed interest in Egyptian design and again clothing, furnishing and decorations were created in an Egyptian style. The next section of the paper will look at the general design similarities between Egyptian design, particularly the Tutankhamen artefacts, and the Art Deco movement. Influence of Egyptian Motifs on Art Deco At first glance, the obvious similarity between Egyptian design as seen in Tutankhamen’s tomb and Art Deco design is the use of decoration to cover as many different surfaces as possible. Egyptian designs were highly decorative, and this was a huge influence on the Art Deco movement that used decorative patterns and design elements wherever there was space to do so. [4] However, the term Art Deco itself was not coined until the 1960’s, and in the 1920’s and 1930’s the movement which is later known as Art Deco was more concerned with mixing the glamour of Hollywood with the mystical and spiritual designs of ancient cultures such as Mayan and Egyptian. The concept of Art Deco was to do with forms, shapes and geometric lines which signified the rise of the machine age, the aeroplane and the automobile. However, they also mimicked the geometric patterns found in Egyptian design and hieroglyphs.[5] As 1930’s Britain and America were reaching a more advanced stage than modern society had ever achieved, the style of Art Deco paid homage to this through its use of the Egyptian motifs – the motifs of the ‘pinnacle’ of ancient society. The influence from Egyptian design also had to do with a fascination for the primitive and the primeval of ancient times. The influence of the Tutankhamen artefacts can be seen in the adoption of pharaonic imagery in Art Deco, such as scarabs and cats.[6] An article in Harpers Bazaar in 1928 showed this influence directly by showing women’s accessories of the time against profiled heads of Egyptian females.[7] There was a very clear influence from Egyptian design on the Art Deco architecture in cities like London and particularly Manhattan in the 1930’s. Symbolically, the beginning of the era of skyscrapers is like the looming of the ancient Pyramids. There is a certain sense of mystery in such powerful and dominating structures, and this was certainly part of the Egyptian influence on Art Deco architecture at the time.[8] Other designs in Europe more showed more direct influence from Egyptian design, with pyramid style apartments and buildings being planned in London, New York and Paris as a sign of luxury and sophistication.[9] Hybridism is another area where Egyptian design has influenced Art Deco. Egyptian design was based upon a mix of traditional and contemporary styles, and mixed decorative style with function and purpose. Art Deco also did this by mixing not only Egyptian styles but the styles of other ancient cultures as well as the functionality and precision of modern design.[10] Whilst Egyptian design was a hybrid of designs from the cultures and peoples that were dominated by the ancient Egyptians, so Art Deco was a mixture of the traditional and the modern from all over the world. Egyptian design was also important as a social influence on Art Deco, because the discovery of Tutankhamen and the tomb’s wonderful artefacts represented a time when luxury, mysticism and a ‘golden age’ were occurring. During the 1920’s and 1930’s people were still recovering from the ravages of the First World War, and they wanted to move away from those times of hardship into a new era of peace, fashion and decadence. Egyptian design was a perfect representation of such an era, and this is another reason why the Art Deco designs of the time incorporated Egyptian motifs.[11] The geometric patterns of Art Deco however are perhaps the main focus of the movement’s aesthetic, and came not only from Egyptian design influences but from the influences of Cubism. It was the geometric patterns of Cubism mixed with the decorative aesthetic of Egyptian design that influenced much of the European and American movements of Art Deco during the 1920’s and the 1930’s.[12] A further design aspect of Art Deco influenced by the Egyptian, or at least the perception of Egyptian, design was the concept of feminine style. The 1920’s and the 1930’s were the start of a new era for feminine style after the austere fashions of the early 1900’s. Egypt, with its female gods and female ruling figures, is seen as a barometer of classic feminine elegance and style. Therefore, many of the fashion styles and interpretations of Egypt at the time were based on this idea of femininity. Nowhere can this be better seen than in the 1930’s film version of the story of Cleopatra, where Cleopatra is played by Claudette Colbert. The movie was made on the back of the popularity of Egyptian-inspired Art Deco, or ‘Nile Style’ as it was sometimes referred to in Hollywood circles. Colbert’s image as Cleopatra was far more about current Art Deco style than historic recreation of Egyptian design.[13] She even advertised her hair in a curled ‘Egyptian’ style and endorsed Cleopatra Egyptian-inspired dresses and gowns like those shown in the movie. Even the physical feminine style for women at the time of being tall and thin was similar to historical records of the feminine style preferred in ancient Egypt. Her costumes in the film were influenced by those historically recorded for Isis. Below is an example of this style, showing the influence of Egyptian style on Art Deco even in contemporary movie-making of the time. This may have been a film based on an Egyptian story, but Colbert was known for wearing modern styles even in such movies and this is reflected in the Art Deco Egyptian dress worn. Colbert’s Art Deco Cleopatra Look[14] The Art Deco movement’s use of Egyptian motifs and design was certainly launched fully by the discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922, and this set off the recreation and interpretation of Egyptian artefacts and design in almost all areas of art and design. This ranged from costumes such as those designed by Sonia Delaunay, the Egyptian Theatre by Grauman and the biscuit tins of Huntley and Palmer. Some of these designs will be examined more closely in the next section of the essay. What all of these designs share is the sense of decadence, elegance and sophistication that people craved during this era and was expressed through the use of Egyptian motifs.[15] Art Deco architecture was influenced by Egyptian architectural techniques in that it places a certain importance on aesthetics as well as functionality. This makes the architecture closer in some ways to painting or art rather than merely the design of buildings. Art Deco buildings like the Egyptian buildings were highly functional, but not at the cost of style and decoration.[16] Jewellery of the Art Deco period was also greatly influenced by Egyptian design as well. The fascination with Egyptian culture meant that artefacts from Tutankhamen’s tomb were reproduced or at the very least elements of their design were used for highly sought after jewellery pieces. Although Egyptian motifs had been used before this time, this was the first time that they were used to such an extent in modern, fashionable design. Van Cleef and Arpels in Paris set tiny Egyptian figures in coloured stones into a diamond background, and Cartier designed Egyptian-inspired clocks. A heavy use of previous metals such as platinum and gold as well as diamonds became more popular, inspired by the hugely elaborate and stunning gold pieces found in the tomb. However, this type of jewellery became less popular after the 1929 Wall Street crash and cheaper materials were again used.[17] However, not all of the Art Deco movement was influenced so heavily by Egyptian design. The Art Deco movement in Paris was influenced more by the visit of the Russian ballet and the aesthetics that came with their performance. However, in London and New York the scenes, particularly architecture and interior decoration were highly influenced by Egyptian design.[18] However, towards the end of the 1930’s the style started to become less fashionable, and tastes changed. The Art Deco movement though would be revived in Britain in the 1960’s and 1970’s, again when it was heavily influenced by the arrival of the London exhibition of the Tutankhamen artefacts. The first stirrings of the Art Deco revival in London were through retail styles of stores like Biba in Kensington. The ceramic designs of Clarice Cliff were still in high demand, and even the headquarters of MI6 has a number of Art Deco touches in terms of detail and symmetry. [19] However, it was the arrival of the Tutankhamen exhibition in London in 1972 that again sparked a revival of Egyptian-inspired Art Deco style. The sheer excitement and opulence of the exhibition of these world famous treasures meant that Egyptian design once again became fashionable. The exhibition attracted around 1.7 million viewers in its year run and inspired the revival of the Egyptian inspired Art Deco movement that is sometimes referred to as ‘Egyptian Revival Art’.[20] This revival of the Art Deco was also a response to Modernism that had deemed Art Deco too decadent and had replaced the decoration with ‘cleaner’ looks. The Postmodernist architecture and design began to pay homage to the decorative excesses of Art Deco and ornate jewellery, ostentatious sports cars and lacquered furniture once again moved design back towards a more decorative aesthetic.[21] It was almost as if the arrival of the Tutankhamen exhibition sparked a remembrance of the Art Deco style, and this created the first real collecting phase of Art Deco in the UK. Exhibitions and retrospectives began to flourish and the movement was looked at again in a new light. It once again became fashionable as celebrities such as Elton John and Barbra Streisand began to collect Art Deco pieces. [22] We have seen in this section how Egyptian motifs were one of the key elements in the Art Deco movement in the 1920’s. The real spark of inspiration came with the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen by Howard Carter in 1922. The decadence and decorative appeal of the artefacts in this tomb appealed to the tastes and fashions of the time and became imbedded in the Art Deco movement. The architecture of New York and London during this period is highly influenced by Egyptian motifs, as well as the furnishings, fashion and art. Although the movement was replaced by Modernism in the 1940’s, the arrival of the Tutankhamen exhibition in London in 1972 once again created a demand for Art Deco designs that were inspired by Egyptian motifs. The next section of this paper will examine some of the key examples of Egyptian motifs within Art Deco design in the 1920’s/30’s and the 1970’s in Britain and how they are inspired by the artefacts found in Tutankhamen’s tomb. Examples of Egyptian Motifs in Art Deco Fashion and Interiors The Egyptian motifs appeared in Art Deco in the 1920’s and 1930’s most prominently in the architecture of Britain and America. In Britain, perhaps the best surviving example of this Egyptian inspiration in Art Deco is the Hoover Building in Perivale.[23] Other good examples still to be seen in London are The Daily Telegraph Building designed by Ernest Elcock (1928-1931). This building has huge, bulging Egyptian columns. Another building of the same era is the Carreras Building in Camden which features an imposing Egyptian colonnade. [24] The Carreras Building is influenced by the Temple of Bubastis, the cat-headed goddess. It had a sense of spaciousness and light to match the mystical feeling of the ancient temple, and was adorned with a wide variety of Egyptian motifs and designs.[25] In America one of the earliest examples was the Egyptian Theatre (1922) by Sid Grauman. However, many of the skyscrapers in New York built during this era have some Egyptian influence – even the famous Empire State Building with its needle-like point and angular edges similar to many of the ‘needles’ found in Ancient Egypt.[26] The rebuilding of San Francisco after the terrible 1906 earthquake was masterminded by Timothy Pfleuger. He built a number of Art Deco buildings including the Castro Theatre and the Telephone Building. Pfleuger mixed all types of ancient cultural influences into his decorative works including Egyptian and Mayan motifs.[27] Interior design was also influenced by the Egyptian motifs from Tutankhamen’s tomb. The Harrods Egyptian escalator hall in London may not be the best example of Art Deco, but it shows how the influence of Egyptian design continues even as art movements change. The designer, William George Mitchell said that he wanted the â€Å"staircase to be a walk-in sculpture, a journey from the Lower Nile to the Upper Nile.†[28] It is also clear that the areas where Art Deco was most prevalent tend to have the most examples of Egyptianized architecture. London has some, but the Art Deco movement was more prevalent in New York and this is where the largest concentration of Egyptianized buildings is located. The influences of Egyptian design could even be seen in the writings of famous literary minds of the time. F. Scott Fitzgerald begins one of his most famous short stories known as ‘May Day’ with a sort of Mock Arabian introduction of how New York will be reborn for the Art Deco. It establishes the importance of exoticism within Art Deco, which is certainly something that Egyptian design can add to the mix.[29] This exoticism can be seen in the jewellery of the time, particularly the high-aesthetics of Cartier. As Bracewell discusses an exhibition at the Victoria and Albert museum on Art Deco, a 1925 vanity case is mentioned as an example of this Egyptian-inspiration in Art Deco. The vanity case is the shape of a sarcophagus, and illustrates the exotic luxury that is synonymous with Egyptian designs in Art Deco pieces. The catalogue option for the vanity case reads as a veritable plethora of luxurious materials and decorative design – Gold, platinum, carved bone, sapphires, emeralds, diamonds, onyxes and enamel; interior with folding mirror, tortoiseshell comb, lipstick holder and cigarette compartment.[30] The Cartier jewellery epitomised both the visual design aspects of Egyptian design in Art Deco, but also the ethos and ideals of the Art Deco movement. The jewellery was decadent, but because it harkened back to the past and primeval culture it was not ostentatious in the same way as the Art Nouveau movement before it. The Cartier brand and its use of precious materials using modern lines, but combined with ancient motifs and symbols, shows the glamour and escapism that Art Deco was trying to create.[31] The furnishings of the time were also examples of the almost Pharoah-esque aesthetics of the Art Deco movement. Two houses in England – Coleton Fishacre and Courthauld house – are excellent examples of the use of luxurious fabrics and different textured materials within Art Deco interior design. The influence from Egyptian design is less obvious here, and is more to do with the luxurious fabrics and importance of aesthetics that are stylistically similar to the ancient Egyptian palatial interiors. Both use clean lines mixed with good colours, sensitive lighting and textured materials to create a tactile environment. The interior of Coleton Fishacre was designed by Basil Ionides, who invoked a Jazz Age feel in the house. Dining rooms contained Lalique lights, and ornate iron framed furnishings. The sea-blue tabletop was clearly influenced by the colours within the Tutankhamen tomb. [32] The initial movement of Art Deco was certainly geared towards the upper classes and incorporated not only the influences from the Tutankhamen tomb but also the improvements in transport technologies and communication. This brought new and exotic materials to the market such as ebony, shark skin, mother of pearl, lacquer and tropical woods. This allowed for experimentation with new and exciting materials, but still paying tribute to the traditional and ancient cultures where they came from. The Egyptian influence was just one of these influences, although perhaps the most striking of all thanks to the artefacts found and the decorative beauty of the items in the tomb. The rise in consumerism reflected the dawning of a new and wonderful age, and so it was only natural that elements of previously successful and respected societies would be included in design. With no society more famed and revered in the ancient world than Ancient Egypt this meant the design elements crept into many of the styles of age including the Chrysler Building by William Van Alen (1927-1930). Just as the pyramids of ancient times were engineering wonders that looked like they could not be built by the hands of humans, the modern skyscrapers of the 1920’s and 1930’s were designed to look like they were made by machines, with their huge heights and angular structures.[33] However, the movement changed somewhat in the later era of Art Deco and the revival in the 1970’s, where again ‘Tutmania’ took over and the demand from the masses for Egyptian inspired design meant that mass production techniques and cheaper materials were now used and the focus was less on luxury and more on the motifs and exoticism of Egyptian design. The designs became more like reproductions of Egyptian designs than inspirations within a distinct movement. Fashion throughout the Art Deco period though was perhaps one of the most heavily influenced areas of design. Delaunay was one such fashion designer of the Art Deco period who was influenced by Egyptian designs. She had always incorporated different styles into her work, including influences from Fauvism, Cubism and ethnic trends. Her career saw her develop from a painter to a designer, and it was in her capacity as a designer that she was involved in costumes for Diaghilev’s version of Cleopatra (1917). Many of the costumes for dancers of this production could not be full recreations of Egyptian clothing, but instead were Art Deco pieces that hinted at Egyptian motifs through the scarves and other accessories for the costumes.[34] However, it must also be shown that there were a number of designers within the Art Deco movement influenced by other designs. Clarice Cliff marked her Art Deco with different ethnic designs, but was perhaps most famous for her use of bold colours and Cubist designs. Although there are certainly some Egyptian influences in Cliff’s work, it was her hybridity and blending of styles in pottery that made her a success in the late Art Deco period, and still makes her work sought-after today. Cliff mixed themes from the Jazz Age and exotic elements of different ethnic cultures with elements of De Stijl and Cubism to create Art Deco pottery that was influenced by everything yet looked like none of the individual influences. The items she created were meant as household items and used materials that were less expensive than the opulence associated with the earlier Art Deco period. However, the concept of hybridity is certainly an idealistic homage to the hybridity seen within the great and Ancient Empires such as the rule of the Egyptians. Their culture mixed together all of the cultures they had observed and the knowledge they had learnt, which was evident in their beautiful but elaborate designs. Cliff’s design mimics this with its use of hybridity, and whilst visually there are few influences in Cliff’s work to Egyptian design, her use of Art Deco hybridity is indirectly influenced by the hybridity of Egyptian design. [35] Virtually all of the major Art Deco designs have some influence from Egyptian design, either through their visual aspects such as Egyptian motifs or through the ideals of hybridity, exoticism, decoration and aesthetics. The designers that have been looked at in this section give a glimpse at both the visual influence of Egyptian design on Art Deco design as well as the idealistic influence. From the deep-sea blues of the table at Coleton Fishacre to the bejewelled sarcophagus-shaped case created by Cartier, Art Deco owes a great deal of its stylistic and visual appeal to Egyptian Design. This is most evident in large cities such as London and New York where the giant architectural monoliths carry the motifs and flourishes of Egyptian design. Whilst Egyptian design was popular before the Art Deco movement, it was the discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922 that really influenced the movement. The artefacts found in this collection were so mesmerising and unlike anything seen before that their style was sought-after as an escape from the previous designs of the late 19th century and early 20th century. This link to Egyptian design is not only in the visual aspects but in this ideal of luxury, exoticism and hybridity that epitomises Art Deco. The next section will conclude the paper, and look at the main points of similarity and influence between Egyptian design and Art Deco, and how this is particularly linked to the Tutankhamen artefacts. Conclusion Art Deco’s goal was to break away from the Art Nouveau of the 19th century and break the rule of not paying tribute to past styles, whilst still looking forward. Art Deco did this by looking at truly ancient motifs and styles from Egypt that was at once primeval and dazzlingly modern because of the distance of time between the modern era and the ancient era.[36] The need to move away from the horrors of the First World War and embrace and new, elegant and decadent present meant that the 1920’s were a place where decorative design took precedence. However, it was the discovery of Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter that really caught the imagination of the public and pushed Egyptian design as a major influence for the Art Deco movement. Although the term Art Deco was not coined until the 1960’s[37], the influences of Egyptian design on the movement in the 1920’s and 1930’s can be seen throughout all aspects of design at this time. The Art Deco architecture of New York and London was heavily influenced by Egyptian motifs including the pyramid shapes, the decorative interiors and exteriors and the sheer size and dominating presence of the buildings themselves. The design aspects of furnishings, jewellery and even fashion were influenced by Egyptian design during the Art Deco period. The two styles have similarities in concept and meaning as well as visual appearance, with both styles being a synergy of different styles and techniques from the past and the present. This is why the influence of Egyptian design within Art Deco is so far reaching, with all the different materials and types of design being used in this movement. Also, both movements place the bulk of importance upon decorative aesthetics, with function important but not at the cost of decoration. The use of precious metals, frequent and multiple design elements and geometric designs also match. Even the ideas of femininity were fairly similar as can be seen through Hollywood movies of the time and their use of sleek, tall women wearing clothes that enhanced their appeal as ‘Goddesses’ or powerful, mysterious women. The movement was replaced by modernism in the 1940’s, but it was once again revived in the UK in the 1970’s with the arrival of the London exhibition of the Tutankhamen artefacts. Egyptian-inspired furnishings, decorations, jewellery and fashion became popular, and this era is often dubbed as the ‘Egyptian Revival Movement’. It coincided with a renewed interest in Art Deco, and shows the deep links between the Art Deco movement and Egyptian design not only in visual similarity but in design ideals and principles. In conclusion, the influence of Egyptian design on Art Deco both in the 1920’s/1930’s and the 1970’s was significant, constituting not only a visual influence on the movement but a stylistic and symbolic significance. Although Art Deco’s primary style of geometric patterns and lines was perhaps more heavily influenced by Cubism, the decorative aesthetics of Egyptian design brought many of the design aspects and motifs that we associate with the Art Deco movement. Bibliography 20TH CENTURY LONDON. (2008) Art Deco Style. (Online). Available at: http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.72 (Accessed 25th October 2008). BINNEY, M. (2007) Vibrant motifs from the old world found new life in Art Deco. The Times, November 15th, 2007. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/specials/tutankhamun/article2864301.ece BRACEWELL, M. (2003) Another Time, Another Place. New Statesman, 132(4631), p. 38+. CHILVERS, I. (1999) A Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Art, Oxford, Oxford University Press. CLOUZOT, H. (1997) Art Deco Decorative Ironwork, Courier Dover Publications. CONDON, S. (2007) How Hollywood manipulates history through costume, University of Portsmouth Dissertation. Available at: http://dissertations.port.ac.uk/179/01/CondonS.pdf CRANFIELD, I. (2001) Art Deco: An Architectural and Interior Design Source Book, Devon, David Charles Publishers. DAWSON, J. (2003) Deco Rationale. The Architectural Review, 214(1275), p. 21+. DOWS, D. (1942) Review of Egyptian Architecture as Cultural Expression by E. Baldwin Smith. American Jo